Risks and Benefits of Plastic Surgery Essay - 1940 Words

Risks and Benefits of Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is a growing entity which needs to be assessed more carefully. Messages within the media indirectly contribute to the rising rate of plastic surgery. Desires to meet the idealisms of media representations are often so consuming that people demand plastic surgery despite all of its associated risks and controversies. To compensate for this up and coming surgical trend, technology has developed more reasonable and attainable options for the public. Millions of operations are now able to be performed on those wishing to fulfill specific gratifcations toward their own personal appearance and/or self-esteem. This is a serious problem in that people are unaware or just simply†¦show more content†¦Wound separation possesses even more problems to a patient and can permanently scar the skin, it could potentially occur each time an incision is made. Death of tissue, known as necrosis, nerve damage affecting feeling and stimulation, serious scarring which sometimes leaves the patient feeling more self-conscious than even before the surgery and oth er alternative complications arise as a result of plastic surgery. Psychological: MedicineNet analyzes mental health risks as a result of unrealistic expectations of surgery. When a person engages in plastic surgery on the wrong grounds, they tend to be unsatisfied with their results. This causes stress and sometimes depression on the patient, which can also affect their physical health, due to delayed and/or prolonged healing time. It is critical for plastic surgeons to be specifically trained in psycho-therapy. During an initial consultation, the doctor must first determine whether the patient is emotionally stable. They look for things such as age, development, mental illness, whether the patient is realistic towards the outcome, whether the patient has recently undergone any sort of traumatic event, or any other factor capable affecting their mental health. Once this is assessed and the patient is cleared for surgery a whole new array of problems arise. Post-operative stress is also a major risk factor, capable of triggering much worse emotionalShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the phrase â€Å"Plastic Surgery† what comes to mind? Maybe dangerous, and risky, or do you think about the scalpel and all the cutting and all the blood? I myself think about how it’s only for rich celebrities who have a couple extra hundreds of thousands of dollars to spend. We have a bad habit of overlooking all the good things that plastic surgery can achieve. From life altering surgeries and saving lives, by highly qualified surgeons, to giving people more confidence and getting ridRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery On South Korea1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Kingdom of Plastic† is a fitting name for South Korea where one out of five women have admitted to having some sort of cosmetic surgery procedure. Most Asian countries, including South Korea, have very specific criterias for ju dging if a person is beautiful. Common beauty expectations for both males and females are high noses, big eyes, and narrow chins. Due to the nature of an Asian bone structure, it is highly unlikely that the previously mentioned beauty standards will occur naturally withinRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 PagesIf one is considering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawless and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractiveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Teens Under The Knife By Kaitlyn Ali And Tiffany Lam1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article entitled Teens Under the Knife written by Kaitlyn Ali and Tiffany Lam readers are informed on the possible risks that are exposed to teens who have cosmetic surgery. Ali and Lam state, There are many risks in plastic surgery, such as permanent numbness, infections, blood clots, and even death (par. 9). The developing bodies of teens are still changing which could lead to altering the effects or future displacement of the surgical procedure. The article states, Because teens Read MoreEssay on Plastic Surgery for Teenagers953 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic Surgery is a controversial topic nowadays. Some men and women believe that plastic surgery is a great chance to have finally the body, face, and even romantic life always dreamed about. In the U.S. the plastic surgery television shows have m ade these ideas more popular and common than ever. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. The rise inRead MoreIs Plastic Surgery And Its Benefits?1251 Words   |  6 PagesGoing Under the Knife (people against plastic surgery and its benefits to society) Sir J. Stephen once said â€Å"Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts as the Columbus to his own soul.† To me, this means finding your inner desires and acting upon them or else living a life of regret and remorse. One desire that everyone tries to achieve is to improve their appearance. Many do this by modifying their body, like getting bigger breasts, reducing the fat contentRead MoreCauses of Plastic Surgery Mishaps1658 Words   |  7 Pages1 Causes of Plastic Surgery Mishaps Jill Ayala Eng 101 May 29, 2011 Linda O’Connor 2 Plastic surgery has become an obsession in the United States in the past 10 years. More than 13.1 million procedures were performed in 2010 in the United States, up 2% from 2009 (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2010). Today’s society places a great deal of emphasis on physical appearance and people are striving to change their appearance, no matter what the cost. More and more people areRead MoreEssay about The Good, Bad, and the Ugly of Plastic Surgery548 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic surgery is more popular than ever. According to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), 43,172 plastic surgery procedures in the UK were carried out in 2012. In general, individuals consider plastic surgery to improve physical features. However, before opting for something as drastic as plastic surgery, people should calculate the pros and cons of it to accurately assess the risks and benefits. Plastic surgery, when performed by an expert surgeon for the right reasonsRead MoreBeauty Is No Longer A Personal Matter1202 Words   |  5 Pagesthe help of the mass media, a number of computer edited images are presented to the public, and these images are often promoted as â€Å"beautiful.† Many people seek to alter their appearances through surgeries, and some even become obsessed with the thought of beauty that they go through numerous surgeries in attempt to achieve the â€Å"perfect look.† These obsessive thoughts with regards to beauty can be explained through the interactionist perspective, in which shared meanings are established through theRead MorePlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1496 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery has become an extremely popular trend throughout the past years of the American culture. There are many reasons why people get plastic surgery, however, our society is the first to judge an individual for getting a procedure done. The c ontroversy regarding plastic surgery is extremely relevant and has received major attention through celebrities, television, and social media. However, many individuals are unaware that there is a difference between both plastic surgery and cosmetic

Suicidal Ideation is the Preoccupation with Suicidal Thoughts

Suicidal ideation is a medical term for thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting to detailed planning, role playing, and unsuccessful attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to fail or be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death. Although most people who undergo suicidal ideation do not go on to make suicide attempts, a significant proportion do.[1] Suicidal ideation is generally associated with depression; however, it seems to have associations with many other psychiatric disorders, life events, and family events, all of which may increase the risk of suicidal ideation. Recurrent suicidal behavior and suicidal ideation is a hallmark of†¦show more content†¦Moreover, these drugs intended effects can themselves have the unintended or undesired consequence of an increased individual risk and collective rate of suicidal behavior: Among the set of persons taking the medication, a s ubset feel bad enough to want to commit suicide (or to desire the perceived results of suicide) but are inhibited by depression-induced symptoms, such as lack of energy and motivation, from following through with an attempt. Among this subset, a sub-subset may find that the medication alleviates their physiological symptoms (such as lack of energy) and secondary psychological symptoms (e.g., lack of motivation) before or at lower doses than it alleviates their primary psychological symptom of depressed mood. Among this group of persons, the desire for suicide and/or its effects persists even as major obstacles to suicidal action are removed, with the effect that the incidences of suicide attempt and of completed suicide increase.[citation needed] Life events Life events are strong predictors of increased risk for suicidal ideation. Furthermore, life events can also lead to or be comorbid with the previous listed psychiatric disorders and predict suicidal ideation through those means. Life events that adults and children face can be dissimilar and for this reason, the list of events that increaseShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Suicide And Attending A University Or College1832 Words   |  8 Pagesstudents have seriously considered attempting suicide in their lifetime, and 40% to 50% of these students reported multiple episodes of suicidal thoughts.† (Ploskonka Servaty-Seib, 2014, p. 81). Finishing high school and starting college can be a demanding and challenging transition to make. Unfortunately, college and university students have suicidal thoughts or attempt suicide. In this paper I will argue the connections between suicide and attending a university or college. I will begin by examineRead MorePsychiatric Clinical Nursing A ssessment and Care Plan Essay2454 Words   |  10 PagesSevere | Severe | Extremely Severe | SOMATIC CONCERNS – preoccupation with physical health, fear of physical illness, hypochondriasis | ☠ | ☠ | ☒ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | ANXIETY------worry, fear, overconcern for present or future, uneasiness | ☠ | ☠ | ☒ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | EMOTIONAL WIYHDRAWAL---------lack of spontaneous interaction,isolation,deficiency in relating to others. | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | ☠ | ☒ | ☠ | ☠ | CONCEPTUAL DISORGANIZATION-----thought processes confused,disconnected,disorganized. | ☠ | ☠ |Read MoreHow Is Suicide A Social Problem?2687 Words   |  11 Pagesor drug abuse.† â€Å"Stress factors such as financial difficulties or troubles with interpersonal relationships often play a role.† All of these reasons of suicide typically occur in the average person’s life in some way, shape, or form. Although the thoughts occur, not every person really makes the attempt in ending their lives. What made suicide the â€Å"10th leading cause of death in the United States in 2009 (Springer, 1613)?† The causes can ultimately arise biologically in the brain, dealing with theRead MoreAn Analysis Of Suicide Note By Janice Mirikitani1081 Words   |  5 Pagesin college. Later someone in the poem finds a suicide note that the main character leaves behind explaining why she committed suicide. Inside the Suicide Note that the main character leaves behind, it explains that she killed herself because she thought she wasn’t good enough to be alive, a good student, and that she did not make her parents expectations. In the poem Suicide note by Janice Mirikitani it shows the struggles that Asian Americans have in their life by showing they are harsh on themselvesRead MoreMarilyn Monroe s Fight Against Mental Disorder1468 Words   |  6 Pagesangry. We had nothing to say. I was dying of boredom.† (Bingaman, 2012). She was unstable and unhappy, and nothing she did seemed to make a difference towards her unachievable happiness. During her first marriage with James, Marilyn faced multiple suicidal attempts that demonstrated her mental instability. By the age of eighteen, she had already had two suicide attempts and according to James, she had threated to jump off the Santa Monica Pier (Bingaman, 2012). In documents discovered after her deathRead MoreStress Related Literature and Study4240 Words   |  17 Pagesself-esteem, and suicidal ideation in late adolescents were examined in a group of college students. Multiple regression analysis indicated that both stress and self-esteem were significantly related to suicidal ideation; low self-esteem and stressful life events significantly predicted suicidal ideation. The hypothesis that self-esteem would moderate the effects of life stressors on suicidal ideation was supported at the .06 level. A significant minority of the sample indicated having thoughts severe enoughRead MoreEssay Exploring Suicide3200 Words   |  13 Pagesin what amounts to a final assaul t against a society that can no longer be tolerated. In so doing, the person tries to obtain a final revenge on everything and everyone that has caused their feelings of depression. Attempts at suicide, and suicidal thoughts of feelings are usually symptom indicating that a person isn?t coping, often as a result of some event or series of events that they personally find overwhelmingly traumatic or distressing. In many cases, the events in question will pass, theirRead MoreConsequences Of Childhood Sexual Abuse1744 Words   |  7 Pages(Trickett, Noll and Putnam 2011). Work by Trickett, Noll and Putnam (2011) identified that abuses perpetrated by fathers or fatherly figures were associated with the most severe degree of long-term trauma and potentially harmful consequences such as suicidal ideation and mental health issues. This is found to be because victims are abused early on in their childhood for longer periods of time with little retribution for survivors. Contrary to Trickett, Noll and Putnam (2011)’s study, Mclean et al. (2014)Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Illness Anxiety Disorder883 Words   |  4 Pages7. Guilt/worthlessness: Feelings of w orthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt 8. Concentration: diminished ability to think or concentrate, or more indecisiveness (Yes) 9. Suicidality: Thoughts of death or suicide, or has suicide plan ; and E. Anxiety symptoms: irrational worry, preoccupation with unpleasant worries, trouble relaxing, feeling tense, fear that something awful might happen) (Yes) In the case of this scenario and that of week 3, discussion 1, and the clients’ symptomsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )2855 Words   |  12 Pagesmanifest from unreasonable beliefs, thoughts, and fears. Compulsions often manifest in the form of ritualistic behaviors. Mayoclinic.org explains that individuals with OCD can have one of the other where the issues of compulsions or obsessions are concerned (Diseases and Conditions). â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder† written by Gyula Bokor, MD, and Peter D. Anderson further distinguishes OCD by stating that â€Å"(OCD) consists of a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and

‘Manila amendments’ to the STCW Free Essays

As examples: The 24 hour period should start at midnight; The 24 hour period should commence at the time a seafarer starts work immediately after having any period of rest of one hour or more; The period should start from the seafarers’ first period of work on each calendar day Apparently, such variations in the interpretation can lead to substantial differences in the number of non-conformances detected and recorded, which then may potentially lead to a fatigue and subsequent accidents caused by the related human error factor. In accordance with mentioned above it could be still stated that fatigue is being considered as a significant contributory factor to many incidents in the shipping industry since the policy of monitoring of rest and work hours, that was designed as a very important tool to fght with fatigue, is not effective enough. Moreover, in a real life it creates problems with proper understanding of approach for calculation of rest and work hours, analysis of the workload and real fatigue caused by the Job. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Manila amendments’ to the STCW or any similar topic only for you Order Now And last but not least, existing form of record keeping of hours of work and rest creates a lot f paper work for the crew and Ship managers and take of their times that could be spend for more important issues. In the meantime, the fatigue prevention policy cannot be ideal since measurement of fatigue is extremely difficult due to the large variability of causes. In accordance with Guidance on Fatigue Mitigation and Management there are many ways to categorize tne causes 0T Tatlgue. 10 ensure tnorougnness ana to prov10e good coverage 0T most causes, they have been categorized into 4 general factors: Crew-specific Factors; Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship); Ship-specific Factors; Environmental Factors. Even if all of these factors can be considered with the same weighting coefficient in determination of level of fatigue, the most important factors will be still related to the crew specific factors such as Sleep and Rest, Quality, Quantity and Duration of Sleep, Sleep Disorders/Disturbances, Rest Breaks, Biological Clock/Circadian Rhythms, Psychological and Emotional Factors, including stress, Fear, Monotony and Boredom, Health, Diet, Illness, Stress, Skill, knowledge and training as it relates to the Job, Personal problems, Interpersonal relationships, Ingested Chemicals, Alcohol, Drugs (prescription and non-prescription), Caffeine, Age, Shift work and Work Schedules, Workload (mental/physical), Jet Lag, etc. In view of the above stated it should be concluded that matter of fatigue is not only related not only to the shipping industry and consequently prevention of fatigue has been already addressed in other industries, such as aviation for instance. In accordance with the ‘Fatigue in Aviation’ of Federal Aviation Administration, causes of atigue can range from boredom to circadian rhythm disruption to heavy physical exertion’. In simple terms, fatigue can be simply defined as wearisomeness, which in most cases caused by the lack of rest. Weariness, at the same time, may vary even for the crew maintaining the same tasks on different type of ships or in a different area of trading. Thus it seems to be logical that industry must use various methods for ‘measuring fatigue of their workers, but not standardising their hours of work and rest. At the same time modification of existing fatigue prevention policy should be more ocused on implementation of new technical devices in line with the proven objective approach that will not create extra paperwork but will really measure fatigue and improve effectiveness of fatigue prevention. As an example of new methodology for detecting attention lapses or impaired ability of the crew to perform their tasks measuring technique so called Blink Rate (electrooculography) can be considered being good alternative to the current paper exercises. Ponder and Kennedy in their research in 1927 have concluded that blinks are controlled by the central nervous ystem rather than peripheral processes; for this periodic, spontaneous blink, the rate of blinking is closely related to ‘mental tension’ of the subject at the time, and that in all probability the movements constitute a kind of relief mechanism whereby nervous energy, otherwise unutilized, passes into a highly facilitated path 0. A. Stern, 1994). There are some other technologies that help to define the level of fatigue at the start o a s ITt or contlnuously tnrougnout task perTormance. In researcn I-atlgue RISK Management in Aviation Maintenance: Current Best Practices and Potential Future Countermeasures, the following technologies are presented as possible systems that facilitate fatigue measurement psychomotor performance tests that are usually installed on a handheld device or and typically measure the person’s speed of response to a stimulus. Voice analysis also may be considered as a method to detect fatigue in operational personnel, particularly in settings where verbal communication occurs via radio or telephone. Different monitoring systems for measurement of alertness have been as well developed for the road transport industry, and several odels of vehicles now come equipped with systems designed to detect drowsy drivers. (Hobbs, 2011) Several of technical innovations are already being widely used in different industries and shows possibility to move from paper calculation and bureaucratic approach in fatigue management to innovational and objective approach of fatigue management. History shows that several regulations adopted before in aviation industry later were transferred into the shipping industry to assist in improvement of safety management. How to cite ‘Manila amendments’ to the STCW, Papers

Economics Principles and Applications

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Principles and Applications. Answer: Introduction: Monetary policy stresses on an essential consideration which is the extent of spare capacity or excess capacity in the economy. Excess capacity is dependent on the goods and services demand and the potential of the economy to produce those. When there occurs a lack in demand it leads to a situation of spare capacity pulling down inflation whereas excess demand leads to capacity being constrained and pushing up inflation. One of the key indicators of excess capacity is unemployment rate (Mankiw,2003) . Unemployment rate is the percentage of individuals of the total labor force that is unemployed but is eager to work and keenly searching for employment. It is calculated as a percentage of the total labor force, i.e., the people who provide labor for production at a particular time period consisting both employed as well as unemployed persons (Samuelson et al, 2010). A high rate of unemployment signifies that there exists a large group of workers who are willing to work but are not involved in production hence indicating that the economy is running below its potential or may be also due to other reasons when individuals are searching for jobs and are unemployed even though the economy is at its potential. The unemployment rate that is economically steady and related to a stable inflation rate is called the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). When the rate moves away from the NAIRU then it indicates the economy operating away from its potential (Sikdar, 2006). In the following sections we get into further in depth details of unemployment, its causes or types followed by a detailed analysis of the unemployment prevailing in Australia and its different regions along with the government interventions or policies undertaken, using secondary data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Reserve Bank of Australia. Unemployment in Australia: The economy of Australia has experienced varied changes in its production structure which can attributed to reasons like technological changes, or being more integrated to the world markets, rising competition from countries with lower wages in producing manufactured goods and also consumption pattern changes. Considering men who have only minimal level of formal education, sustained job loss in production of goods has resulted in decrease in job opportunities whereas the expanding economy sectors has employed women who are being empowered and experiencing rise in share of paid work. Hence, Australia has experienced nagging unemployment, being intense at times but economic expansions had resulted unemployment to reach sustained steady low levels (Trudgian, 2016). Trends in Unemployment in Australia: The Australian Bureau of Statistics each month samples 50,000 individuals and assesses their labor force status, the individuals had been working for an hour or more or had worked are considered as employed but those not employed but are searching for jobs are termed as unemployed whereas the rest are outside the labor force (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014). We see the Table (1) below, which lists the unemployment rates of Australia since 1991 to 2015, along with the annual real GDP growth rates, both expressed in percentages. The highest unemployment rates of 10.8% and 10.89% seen were in the years 1992 and 1993 respectively whereas in 1991 it was 9.6%. We also see growth rates of -1% and -5% in 1992 and 1993 respectively indicating recession. Till the year 2002 there were high unemployment rates in the range of 7%-8%. Unemployment rates of 8.5% from 1995 to 1997 were experienced by the country. The economy was again at a slump with economic growth rates at -9% and -4% in 1998 and 1999 respectively. It also experienced high unemployment rates of roughly 7% to 8% but inflation rates were quite low of more or less 1%. Afterward the rate of unemployment had been almost in the range of 5% to 6% but in 2009 it experienced negative growth rates during the global recession also in the years 2013 and 2014. Table 1: Unemployment rates of Australia (% of total labor force) and Annual real GDP growth rate (%) from 1991-2015 YEAR REAL GDP GROWTH RATE ( %) UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 1991 1.432770121 9.600000381 1992 -1.074078243 10.80000019 1993 -5.797987771 10.89999962 1994 1.555182265 9.699999809 1995 8.932453367 8.5 1996 6.296659012 8.5 1997 8.259405934 8.5 1998 -9.104445223 7.699999809 1999 -4.065980743 6.900000095 2000 2.188321276 6.300000191 2001 -12.62231455 6.800000191 2002 1.121341305 6.400000095 2003 15.11405584 5.900000095 2004 28.37291394 5.400000095 2005 10.17874187 5 2006 4.080398933 4.800000191 2007 11.61225404 4.400000095 2008 18.46518554 4.199999809 2009 -13.70782645 5.599999905 2010 19.86761903 5.199999809 2011 17.79088183 5.099999905 2012 8.700203808 5.199999809 2013 -0.710624783 5.699999809 2014 -9.245055214 6 2015 14.57780068 5.8 Source: World Bank Data Fig 1 After the World War II, the 25 years followed with unemployment rates in the country varying between 1 and 2% of the labor force. In Fig(1) we see that during the early 1990s when there were economic recessions the unemployment rose sharply and took a long time to fall after the sharp rise. Also even though there was a small peak in the 2000s early, it accounted for only fraction of the earlier spikes (Australian Government website, 2014). According to the Reserve bank of Australias published statement of November 2013, the increase in unemployment since mid 2011, is due to a number of factors which include the cyclically weak demand for labor that has resulted slow growth of employment compared to the supply of labor and also influences that are structural in nature distressing the efficiency of the matching of unemployed laborers to job vacancies. In the couple of years around 2013, the unemployment rate increase is not due to reduced employment, the growth of employment being 1% which had been slower than the growth of the labor force being 1.4% hence increasing the number of unemployed. In one of the recent statements published by the RBA about the unemployment situation in February 2015, it forecasts that the unemployment rate is likely to rise in the forthcoming quarters as growth in economic activity is likely to remain below trend in the nearest term periods although the forecasts were based on number of macroeconomic assumptions and hence, subjected to changes (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013 and 2015). In the present year of 2016, the number of employed individuals in Australia has gone up by 10,800 in the month of April with the total number of employed rising to 11.917 million which had been recorded as the highest level till now. The employment has risen by 2.1% over one year as per the ABS. Further statistics from the ABS show that the full time employment had fallen by 9300 followed by a decrease of 10,000 in the month of March whereas offsetting this decrease the part time employment increased by 20,200. In terms of percentages the full time employment has risen by 1.04% which is as slow as more than four times of the growth rate of part time employment which increased by 4.48%. The unemployment rate has been observed to be 5.7% which is below 5.8% expected level and has been unchanged from March. It is considered to be the lowest level since the September of 2013.In the month of March the total number of unemployed individuals increased slightly from 722900 to 723300. In the figure (2) we also see the unemployment and employment rates compared. Employment rates or known as employment ratio is the proportion of the adult population that is employed. We get the figure based on the table given below, where we divide the employment rates by 10 and plot with the unemployment rates in the figure below. In the figure(2) we see that the unemployment rates had increased since 2007 to 2015 whereas the employment rates had been consistent although it has decreased from 61.2% in 2013 to 60.99% in 2015. Table 2: Unemployment and Employment rates Year Unemployment rate(%) Employment rate(%) 2007 4.37915151 62.321111 2008 4.23432971 62.707767 2009 5.56038543 61.792817 2010 5.21334044 61.981087 2011 5.08099648 62.095578 2012 5.22066593 61.73602 2013 5.65574278 61.241028 2014 6.07302496 60.740625 2015 6.06150227 60.997315 Source: ABS Fig 2 Region Wise Unemployment in Australia: If we compare across States and territories we see that New South Wales had been observed to record the lowest unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted with 5.3% constant since March followed by Victoria and Western Australia standing at 5.6%, 6.5% recorded in Tasmania, 6.5% of Queensland and 6.8% in South Australia (Australian Government Website,2016). Of June 2016 we see from Table (3) the total employed persons seasonally adjusted has been 11939.6 with number of unemployed being 734.2 , i.e., an unemployment rate of 5.8% which is higher than that of May 2016 which recorded a rate of 5.7%. The overall participation rate slightly increased to 64.9% in June 2016 from 64.8% in May 2016. Table 3: Unemployment Statistics of May and June, 2016 May 2016 Jun 2016 Trend No. of Employed persons (in '000) 11 925.1 11 933.4 No. of Unemployed persons (in '000) 726.1 725.9 Unemployment rate (%) 5.7 5.7 Participation rate (%) 64.8 64.8 Seasonally Adjusted No. of Employed persons (in '000) 11 931.7 11 939.6 Unemployed persons ('000) 724.3 734.2 Unemployment rate (%) 5.7 5.8 Participation rate (%) 64.8 64.9 Source: ABS Fig 3 Below we see the Table (4) which gives the unemployment rates of few states and territory wise in Australia as of May 2016. We see that in overall South Australia is with the highest unemployment rate of 6.9% followed by Tasmania with 6.5% and Queensland with 6.4%. The minimum is that of Australian Capital Territory with 3.8% followed by Northern Territory with 4.1%, New South Wales with 5.2%, Western Australia with 5.7% and Victoria with 5.8%. Table 4: Region wise unemployment rate of May 2016 Region Rate of unemployment (%) Australian Capital Territory 3.8 Northern Territory 4.1 New South Wales 5.2 Western Australia 5.7 Victoria 5.8 Queensland 6.4 Tasmania 6.5 South Australia 6.9 Source: ABS Fig 4 Types/Causes of Unemployment in Australia: Now that we know what unemployment is and how it acts as an indicator of excess capacity we look into the different types or can be said the cause of unemployment prevailing in Australia. The types of unemployment which also give the causes of unemployment are: Structural unemployment: Unemployment that takes place due to the structural changes in the economy and inefficiencies in the market for labor, i.e., the fundamental mismatch between jobs and laborers. As the economy goes through structural changes, with technological advances, types of jobs, location of jobs changes with change in preferences for employers or the need of skilled or unskilled workers causing a mismatch between workers and available jobs. Example: As by Industrial Revolutions machines were created for weaving cloth, the weavers went jobless. Frictional unemployment: This is also known as search unemployment because it refers to the situation when individuals are temporarily moving from one job to another or are in search for new jobs. It can be considered as the regular movement of workers in the labor market according to their personal situations. As the individuals invest a sufficient amount of time in searching for the right job as per his/her preferences and the employers demands of skills, it results into a temporary unemployment known as frictional unemployment. Example: A person quitting from work if he/she dislikes their job or also if he/she gets fired. Cyclical unemployment: This kind of unemployment results from the aggregate conditions changes in the economy over the business cycle course. It occurs when there is shortage of aggregate demand in the economy, hence firms not able to create new jobs for people who are want to work. With fluctuating demand inflow and outflow of labor is affected as that of firms which on facing less demand for their goods lay off workers and hire few workers increasing involuntary unemployment. On the other hand, if demand is stronger the demand for workers by firms will also rise hence decreasing unemployment. Example: At the time of recession with low aggregate demand leading to less creation of jobs. Classical unemployment: Unemployment caused due to the real wage being above the market clearing price for labor (Lipsey et al, 2011) One of the most prevalent unemployment types in the country is youth unemployment of individuals 15-24 year old who are at a higher risk of being unemployed than adults. As recorded in January 2016 the trend rate of youth unemployment had been 12.2%which is high above the last dips of 9% below the global financial crisis in 2008. Though the youth unemployment is also seen to have fallen since 2014 when it was about 14%. As recoded in the the beginning days of 2016, more than 258000 individuals who are young in the labor market are not able to get employed (Carvalho, 2015). In January of 2016 the unemployment rate was 5.8% but the unemployment rate of the youth was found to be double that of the overall rate. There had been differences among different areas in Australia recorded for the youth unemployment rates. We see in the table below, 20 ABS regions which are marked to record the highest youth unemployment rates as of January of 2016. The youth of the labor markets of Outback, Cairns and Wide Bay regions of Queensland and in New South Wales the region Hunter Valley are seemed to face the high rates of 20% which is 8% more than the national average rate. As for the Outback region in Queensland it is higher than 28%. The high rates also show the overall unemployment rates across different groups of these areas (Youth Employment Campaign, 2016). Table 5: Region wise Youth Unemployment Rank Place Youth unemployment in Jan 2016 (%) 1 Queensland Outback 28.4 2 Hunter Valley excluding New Castle (NSW) 21.8 3 Wide Bay 20.6 4 Cairns 20.5 5 Tasmania- South East 19.6 6 Mid-North Coast (NSW) 19.5 7 Barossa York Mid North (SA) 19.4 8 Southern Highlands and Shoal haven (NSW) 18.4 9 New England and North West (NSW) 18.1 10 Townsville 17.6 11 Richmond Tweed (NSW) 17.4 12 Melbourne West (Victoria) 17.3 13 Geelong (Victoria) 16.9 14 North East and Launceton (Tasmania) 16.9 15 Central Coast (NSW) 16.5 16 Adelaide North (SA) 16.3 17 Adelaide- Central and Hills 16.2 18 Far West , Orana (NSW) 16.0 19 Hume (Victoria) 16.0 20 Mackay (Queensland) 16.0 Source: ABS Fig 5 The causes of unemployment may not be independent of each other and one may give rise to another. Out of the types mentioned, cyclical unemployment is the key source of excess capacity indicative of the economy producing below potential. Hence we break down the different factors affecting unemployment in Australia and we see that it can be grouped as follows: Labor demand shortage which results in job opportunities scarcity and an excess supply of labor for the existing vacancies. Individual and available vacancies mismatch due the varying characteristics of the jobseekers and the jobs. Hence, this kind of workers face structural unemployment though may be unemployed frictionally as they are temporarily searching for work. Absence of reported obstacles which indicate frictional unemployment. Shortage of labor demand causing unemployment had been cyclical which had been as a sharp rise in the recession of early 1990s, and then falling to low levels in the mid 2000s while rising again at the financial crisis outset. As per an article by the RBA, the 1990s is said to have gone through a significant excess capacity in the labor market with unemployment components indicating excess capacity being relatively high whereas for most of the 2000s there had been a labor market tightness with unemployment rate falling below many estimates of the NAIRU though not significantly. Hence, with the consistency of tight labor market, the period saw an end with increase in domestic wage and inflation. Followed by the global financial crisis, a level of spare capacity had been found in the labor market though less than what was in the 1990s. Recently the unemployment rate had been a bit above many estimates of the NAIRU whereas there had also been rise of more cyclical components of unemployment which accounts for most of the overall rise in unemployment rate and slowing of wage growth (RBA, 2016). There had been structural unemployment in the economy with the terms of trade boom although the benefits from various economic reforms had offset the structural unemployment in the last decade. Role of government in Regulating Unemployment in Australia: For regulating unemployment rates the government adopts various economic reforms and policies both fiscal and monetary. The government adopts fiscal policy for increasing or decreasing aggregate demand and hence affecting the rate of economic growth. The fiscal policies that are expansionary in nature, i.e., the expansionary fiscal policy makes use of instruments like reducing taxes or government purchases being raised. Increase in aggregate demand makes the real GDP increase and with the presence of spare capacity the firms increase their production and hence their labor demand increases. Increased labor demand, helps employment rise and hence reducing unemployment. On the other hand there are also monetary policies. In case of monetary policies the central bank cuts interest rates encouraging people to spend more as well as invest more which would boost demand, hence raising demands for labor leading to increased employment. Unemployment from supply side, that are structural, frict ional and classical unemployment also exists. In those situations policies are adopted by the firms from the supply side. These policies, like training and education helping unemployed individuals to get jobs, trade unions powers reduced to resolve the issues of unemployment from real wage mismatch, boost confidence through subsidies for employment, labor market flexibility improvements, benefit requirements that are more strict to make the unemployed losing the benefits to accept a job or risk and finally overcome the geographical unemployment by developing better labor mobility across regions (Mankiw, 2007). The Australian government has adopted many policy reforms to deal with rising inflation and unemployment. Australian government has achieved the lower unemployment rate through a long term package of economic reform measures aiming at developing the microeconomic efficiency of the economy allowing it to grow steadily and enabling it to respond to changes. The reforms had been diverse including trade reforms, financial market deregulation, tax reforms of wide range, competition being enhanced at various sectors of the economy, labor market being more flexible, skill and capacity building, welfare arrangement reforms, and creation of transparent framework for the implementation of fiscal and monetary policies to influence economic stability. Still there exists scope and potential to work more in these areas which would bring more gains in productivity and growth (Liberal.org.au, 2016). The government has been doing well to maintain steady prices since 2002 along with sustainable growth rates as well as the unemployment being at the approximate level of 5-6%, in fact declining to 4% in the year 2008. These rates are considered as sustainable helping in adjusting pressures on wages and price. It shows the overall GDP growth being stable which in reflects the developments in the macroeconomic policy frameworks taken up and the reforms which are microeconomic in nature making it possible to achieve greater long term stability and economic growth. Conclusion: Hence, we saw that the Australian unemployment rate had decreased over the years being steady at the rate of 5.7% presently but if we look more in depth in regions of Australia and through different age groups we see that there prevails a high rate of youth unemployment which gives a better picture of the Australian unemployment scenario reflecting the causes of the prevailing unemployment mostly being structural and frictional in nature as in the case of youth unemployment or the lack of demand of labor. We also looked into the prevailing types of unemployment in the economy and how they are not mutually exclusive but one is gives rise to or evolves from another type. In the end we look into the types of policies or measures be it fiscal or monetary in nature which act as instruments for the Australian government to maintain low levels of unemployment controlling for inflation and focusing on sustainable economic growth and long term stability. Further to increase participation rate s, the government can opt for a balance of incentives, requirements and assistance will influence individuals to participate in the labor force and hence enabling the country in the longer run to realize its potential. References: Mankiw, G 2003, Macroeconomics, Worth publishers, New York Samuelson, P Nordhaus, W 2010, Economics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi Econport, The effects of aggregate demand, viewed on 17 August 2016, https://www.econport.org/content/handbook/ADandS/AD/Effects.html Sikdar, S 2006, Principles of macroeconomics, Oxford, New Delhi Mankiw, G 2007, Economics: principles and applications, Cengage learning, New Delhi Lipsey, R Chrystal, A 2011, Economics, Oxford, New Delhi Sowell, T 2010, Basic economics, Basic books, USA Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016, Australian economy snapshot, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/snapshots/economy-snapshot/ Australian Government website, Statement 4: maintaining low unemployment in Australia, viewed on 17 August 2016, https://www.budget.gov.au/2004-05/bp1/download/bst4.pdf The World Bank, Unemployment Rate (% of total labor force): Australia, viewed 17 August 2016, https://beta.data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=AUview=chart Liberal.org.au, Achievements in Government, 17 August 2016, https://www.liberal.org.au/achievements-government Youth Employment Campaighn, 2016, Australias Youth Unemployment Snapshots, viewed 17 August 2016, https://library.bsl.org.au/jspui/bitstream/1/9004/1/BSL_Aust_youth_unemployment_hotspots_Mar2016.pdf Carvalho, P, 2015, Youth Unemployment in Australia, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.cis.org.au/app/uploads/2015/11/rr7.pdf Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013, Statement on Monetary Policy Box 3, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/2013/nov/box-b.html Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014, Unemployment and Spare Capacity in the labor market, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2014/sep/2.html Trudgian, T, 2016, Australian Unemployment rate analysis, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.ibtimes.com.au/australian-unemployment-rate-analysis-why-drop-unemployment-doesnt-add-literally-1509213 Australian Government: Department of Employmnet, 2016, Labor force region, viewed 17 August 2016 https://lmip.gov.au/default.aspx?LMIP/LFR_SAFOUR/LFR_ParticipationRate